Christian Perspective on Counseling Essay

This is a personal theory paper which focuses on the Christian perspective; it involves the integration of faith and scripture into the personal counseling process. It discusses personality structures, individual differences and the motivations that guide and push the human person. Included is a contextual definition of health and the factors that cause illness. They are understood by using psychological techniques in concurrence with Biblical truths. Employing a theological worldview for counseling helps a therapist’s awareness of the innermost complexities of a client and enables them to be an effective guide towards the path of hope and healing. Introduction Counseling is centrally and critically a relationship between people who care (Crabb, 1977). It is essential that a psychotherapist develop a genuine desire for the well-being of a client. This is an ideal arrangement for which a Christian counselor can flourish, because â€Å"Every Christian is called to a ministry of encouraging and helping others (Crabb, 1977)†. Although an atmosphere of caring and encouragement is not limited to Christians it is ideal to integrate psychology and Christian spirituality to most effectively aid clients. Personality Personality structure and components There are many theories involving the structure of the human personality. One is the theory presented by Dr. Ron E. Hawkins (2006a). In this theory, Dr. Hawkins likens each individual to many concentric circles. Every circle is affected by the other circles but every one has its own distinctive characteristics. This structure can best elucidate the complexities that exist inside an individual. The boundaries between circles can help determine the source of each dilemma and each circle provides a different approach to problem-solving. The first circle is the innermost circle of a person and encapsulates the very essence of being human. It is in this most personal circle that the Holy Spirit inhabits within each believer, as supported by the biblical quote â€Å"The kingdom of God is within you† (Luke 17:21). Also included in this circle are the options of free-will and the concept of original sin. The original sin is common to all human beings as maintained by Paul when he writes his letter to the Romans and utters, â€Å"for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† (Romans 3:23). It must be noted that outside of issues involving deliverance, there is not much that can be dealt with in this circle by human intervention. Instead, if a problem really reverberates from this circle it must be surrendered in strong faith to the hands of God. The next circle encloses the soul, feeling, and cognitive aspects of the human being. For most clients looking for counseling, this is the circle that receives the most focus. It is in this circle that emotional and psychological troubles not originating from biological sources resonate. The next circle in this theory of personality makeup is the biological circle. This circle consists of the biological processes and focuses on the wellness of the physical human body. Problems in this circle include chemical imbalance which is the failure to normalize the chemicals in the brain, resulting in problems like obsession, anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, and insomnia. Problems in this circle are more likely to have physical sources, like physical trauma or abuse. The next circle is another prevailing source of problems dealt with in counseling. The temporal circle, it is the beginning of external focused aspects. In this circle, external environmental structures like society and culture have a significant influence on the individual. Societal values and cultural expectations will always have an impact on personality development. Society, friends, family, and church are examples of the temporal systems that must be dealt with when counseling people. Learning who the client is responsible to and what he is responsible for is essential to developing personal responsibility (Cloud & Townsend, 1992). Additionally, the influences of the client’s family system are dealt with in this circle. The Bible supports this, â€Å"fathers, do not exasperate your children; instead bring them up in the training and instruction of the Lord† (Ephesians 6:4). Many problems can be rooted from the effects of family and environment The final circle of the human personality structure is the circle of the supernatural. This includes the archetypal epic struggle between good and evil, demons and angels. Despite this concept it is important to keep in mind that â€Å"our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms† (Ephesians 6:12). The Bible states that demonic power is a real and it would be imprudent to disregard its potential. Spiritual forces have a great impact on personality development and it cannot be excluded from the growth process Motivation There are five basic propositions about motivation: [1] human beings are all motivated to seek our needs, [2] motivational energy is channeled through the mind and results in specific behavior, [3] motivated behavior is always directed towards a goal, [4] when a goal is perceived to be impossible a state of disequilibrium exists, and finally, [5] all behavior is motivated and all behavior makes sense (Crabb, 1986). Motivation is a drive toward security and significance, with these thoughts in mind, Dr. Crabb details that the definitive goal of counseling is to â€Å"free people to better worship and serve God by helping them become more like the Lord† (1977). Individual differences In counseling, the level of maturity of each client must be assessed. Individuals are in the process of ‘moving over’ and ‘moving up’, clients differ in as to where they are in the process of dealing with presenting problems in a manner consistent with scripture and developing a Christ-like character (Crabb, 1977). Perhaps the most important reason that accounts for individual differences is that God provided free will to His creation. This free will makes each person unique and not merely a puppet with predetermined actions. Alteration of procedure used in counseling is necessary when dealing with different types of people. Some clients should be approached in a feeling level while others should be led spiritually. Cognitive based personalities are best dealt with on the thinking level and those suffering from physical disabilities are helped first with their tangible needs (Hawkins, 2006). Health A contextual explanation of health All counselors should want their clients to become healthy. According to McMinn (1996), the three factors that determine health are: accurate awareness of self, accurate awareness of needs and involvement in healthy relationships. Basing self-worth on the word of God is an effective strategy; to be able to create a self-image based on the unconditional love of Christ is a helpful direction for people who are injured in the different psychological aspects of their lives. McGee (1992) states, â€Å"changing our beliefs from false beliefs to the truths of God’s Word will assist us in experiencing more appropriate emotions and thereby will change the way we respond†. Helping clients to become more Christ-like in seeking self-worth and happiness is the goal of Christian counseling. A contextual explanation of illness The sources of illness are biological, cognitive, emotional and spiritual. Biological are often the easiest to identify they have physical signs that can be studied. Biological illnesses include physical sickness, chemical imbalances, and traumatic abuse. Typically, biological problems can be treated with medications or removal of the source of problem. For instance, physical trauma caused by an abusive husband involves treatment wherein the first step is to remove the victim from the abusive relationship. The cognitive aspect is the area of focus for most counseling therapies. Many problems that counselors must contend with relate to cognitive disorders, including depression, anxiety, guilt, and fear. The illnesses with a cognitive source are of critical concern as they are often more difficult to treat than biological illnesses. Emotional causes must also be considered. Sandra Wilson’s (2001) mantra of Hurt People Hurt People explains how emotional damage begets more emotional damage. Out of wounded emotions, people repeat the same torture to those they are closest to. Finally, illnesses can also be of a spiritual character. In order to be successful and productive counselors â€Å"we have to learn to distinguish between organic or psychological mental illness and a spiritual battle for the mind,† (Anderson, 2000). Spiritual illnesses stem from sin, a lack of faith, and destructive influences. Anderson (2000) advises, â€Å"Don’t think Satan is no longer interested in manipulating your mind in order to accomplish his purposes. Satan’s perpetual aim is to infiltrate your thoughts with his thoughts and to promote his lie in the face of God’s truth. He knows that if he can control you thoughts, he can control your life† Therapeutic Involvement Techniques, methods The Bible provides excellent guidance in various aspects of life; it is an excellent source for every Christian counselor. Accordingly, â€Å"all Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness† (2 Timothy 3:16-17). In a helping relationship, techniques are used to help the client reach the point of change. One approach that Christian counselors should not be without is prayer. Craigie and Tan (as cited in McMinn, 1996) write, â€Å"Indeed, praying with clients that they may be liberated from resistant misbeliefs, that they may be empowered to do the truth, and that they may come into a deeper relationship with the truth can sometimes be a most powerful experience†. The use of scripture in therapy sessions is useful in integrating God’s Truths to a client’s mindset. The use of the technique miracle question is helpful; this is a method of questioning which begins by helping the client imagine a situation wherein, overnight, a miracle happens that solves all their familial problems. The client has to define what differences they would observe to prove that a miracle had taken place. This is vital in making the client realize how vastly improved their relationships will be when the problems are resolved and defines the goal they aim to achieve. The method of Scaling questions is another tool used to rate the client’s current state, with zero/one being the most ideal and ten being the worst, this facilitates the therapist in identifying factors that prevents them from moving up the scale and recognizes what pushes them down. This is helpful in shifting the client’s focus from problems to solutions. The goal of therapy is promoting a high level of self-worth; the therapist must introduce genuineness into the environment by omitting shame from the process. This can be supplemented with compliments and positive encouragement by vocalizing admirable traits; it is a helpful exercise that generates an atmosphere of goodwill more conducive to problem solving. Hawkins (2006b) identifies the first in counseling step as own having an understanding of the real problem. Then, he goes on to reality testing. From there, a plan of action is formulated and the client is occupied with taking tenure to this plan of action and accepting accountability for its conclusion. Lastly, the counselor helps in building support and responsibility into the process of transformation concerning the client. A good cognitive counseling approach is to focus on the inner-voice and truth. The inner-voice is often constructed as a direct result of the temporal and supernatural circles in which an individual develops. In destructive or less-than-ideal relationships, the individual can develop spiteful and untruthful concepts about themselves which are constantly conveyed by the inner-voice. An understanding of truthful reality, often combating the untrue inner-voice, is critical for change. As Dr. Backus and Dr. Chapian explain, â€Å"locating and identifying pain-causing fabrications plus learning the factual reality-based truth† is therapeutic and critical for healing (2000). Expectations in success Counselors can measure success of counseling by evaluating the client’s progress in the accurate awareness of self or needs and by determining if they are participating in healing relationships (McMinn, 1996). McMinn’s affirms that, â€Å"A more careful look suggests that spiritual and psychological health require a confident sense of self, an awareness of human need, and limitations, and confiding interpersonal relationships with God and others† (1996). Real success in psychotherapy is measured by advancement not perfection. Worldview Dimensions Every individual possesses a worldview whether or not they recognize it. For example, the temporal system an individual develops in will have significant impacts on the individual’s worldview. Someone who was raised in a war torn environment with rampant violence and lawlessness will have a different set of moral code than a person is raised in a secure and peaceable community. These worldviews affect the progress in counseling; worldviews differ from person to person and may include science, perception or the Bible. It is imperative for the Christian counselor to have a broad perception of what his/her worldview consists of. The Biblical worldview filters pertinent information through the sieve of God’s Word. Since all issues are not addressed in Scripture, to sift means to see if the issue lines up with God’s Word (Collins, 2001). Uniting psychology, spirituality, and theology encompasses all the components of human behavior necessary to assess functioning (McMinn, 1996). Conclusion The integration of spirituality and theological scriptures to counseling provides a panoramic view of how psychotherapy can progress. The Bible must be used as a reference in choosing ideologies, techniques or processes to integrate in a personal theory. The use of solutions-based therapy, also referred to as ‘solution focused therapy’ or ‘brief therapy’, is a type of talking therapy that is based upon social constructionist philosophy. It includes miracle and scaling questions. It focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy. The approach focuses on the present and hopes for future, because as Dr. Worthington explains, â€Å"hope provides the motivation to work† (1999). Cognitive therapy can be used most effectively in Christian counseling because the cognitive approach is imperative in changing the client’s self-awareness by challenging negative thoughts and untruths. Cognitive therapy helps unchain the client from unrealistic expectations by perceiving and revising the pointless difficulties they place on themselves. Understanding the components of human personality through the theory of concentric circles is important in developing a complete strategy for helping individuals change. Recognition of an integrated model that considers the scripture of Christian teachings is a potent tool in wrestling against the dysfunction residing in a client’s life. Resources Anderson, N. (2000). The bondage breaker. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. Backus, William and Chapian, Marie. (2000). Telling yourself the truth. Bloomington, MN: Bethany House Publishers Cloud, H. & Townsend, J. (1992). Boundaries: When to say yes when to say no to take control of your life. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Collins, G. (2001). The Biblical basis of Christian counseling for people helpers. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress Publishing Group. Crabb, Larry. (1977). Effective biblical counseling: A model for helping caring Christians become capable counselors. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Hawkins, Ron E. (Speaker). (2006). Model for guiding the counseling process. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University. Hawkins, R. E. (Producer). (2006b). Grid for tracking process [Motion picture]. (Available from Liberty university, 1971 University Boulevard, Lynchburg, VA 24502) Worthington, Everett L. (1999). Hope-focussed marriage counseling. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press Greece. McGee, R. (1992). Search for significance: Build your self worth on the forgiveness and unconditional love of Jesus Christ. Nashville, TN: LifeWay Press. McMinn, M. (1996). Psychology, theology and spirituality in Christian counseling. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Wilson, S. (2001). Hurt people hurt people: Hope and healing for yourself and your relationships. Grand Rapids, MI: Discovery House Publishers.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

TOMB OF THE UNKNOW SOLDIER November 7, 2011 1. The Unknown Soldier fought in World War I. The burial place of the unknown soldier was in France, near the battle at Vimy Ridge, marked by a tombstone that read â€Å"Known unto God†. The remains of an unidentified soldier were returned to Canada to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, a specially designed sarcophagus directly in front of the National War Memorial in Ottawa, the National Capital. 2. The remains of soldiers that fought in WWI and who were not identified were buried near Vimy Ridge which was the site of Canada’s biggest victory in 1917 and where many Canadian troops died. After the remains of the unknown soldier were returned from France, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was placed directly in front of the National War Memorial in Ottawa. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is to honor our service men and women and to remind the Nation of the cost and sacrifice Canadians have made for peace and freedom in the past, in the present and in the future. The Tomb honors the 28,000 Canadian service people who have died in wars in this century . TOMB OF THE UNKNOW SOLDIER Alex Donovan 9A November 7, 2011 3. I think the Unknown Soldier was a man because women did not fight in combat in World War I. I think the Soldier was very young in his twenties, tall and strong. He pretended to be fearless but was very scared in battle. He fought for what he believed in. 4. We know that the Unknown Soldier was a young Canadian man, fought in World War I and fought at Vimy Ridge. 5. No I do not think that the Soldier should be identified. †¢ The Unknown Soldier is meant to be symbolic. It represents all Canadian Soldiers who fought for this Country. †¢ Once identified it becomes specific and does not represent everybody, †¢ There would be no immediate family members alive who would benefit from this information. 6. The Unknown Soldier symbolizes the Canadian service people who sacrificed their lives in the cause of peace and freedom whether they be navy, army, air force or merchant marine and who died or may die for their country in all conflicts – past, present, and future.

Anatomy of a Picture Book Essay

Format/Size †¢Rectangular—This is the shape of most books †¢Horizontal—Often used to in stories about journeys †¢Vertical—May be used for â€Å"larger than life† characters oCohn, Amy L. Abraham Lincoln. oIsaacs, Anne. Swamp Angel. †¢Cutout forms—cutout in the form of buildings, animals, etc. Book Jacket/Dust Jacket †¢Think of a book jacket as a small poster wrapped around the book with flaps on the front and back. oOriginally used to keep books from being soiled oNow used to be eye-catching, to encourage you to pick up the book. †¢Should be appealing from a reasonable distance through its form and color †¢Provides important information about the book  oTitle oAuthor oIllustrator oShould predict the contents of the book oShould convey the age group for the book oBack of book jacket normally includes the book’s barcode with ISBN (International Standard Book Number) number, a unique number to identify a book. †¢Jacket areas oFace—front that faces us as the book is closed and lies on the table ? Is the picture on the cover repeated inside the book or is it unique? If the cover is repeated, it anticipates the plot of the story. ?Does the cover contradict the story? Is the cover mystifying? ?Cover may reflect most dramatic or enticing episode in story. However, the cover should not tell so much that it destroys the suspense of the story. ?Is the cover framed? Framing creates a sense of detachment. oBack—back of the jacket should relate to the front ?Consider how the book jacket flows from the front to the back ? When the jacket is flattened, the design should be homogeneous and consistent ? If you want to be a collector of children’s books, protect the book jackets by covering them in plastic. oWrap-around cover—uses one illustration that wraps around from the front to the back oBook flaps—include background information about the book. May also tell about the author and/or illustrator, etc. oSpine—located to the left, along the bound edge of the book. This is a narrow panel which you see when the book is shelved. Normally includes the title, author, publisher, and sometimes the illustrator. Book Casing/Book Cover †¢Stiff-cased casing—This is what you find underneath the book jacket. This is hard to see on library copies that have plastic put over the covers that is taped down. oSome book covers are simply a repeat of the book jacket. oThe higher quality picture books have a different book casing that is a type of cloth. ?Consider how this contributes to the overall design of the book. Consider color of the cloth, use of patterns, ornaments, or drawings. Does the color used fit the book? oDesigns on casing—This design normally refers to the central motif or symbol of the book. ?Blind stamp—sunken image of the same color as the casing ? Die stamp—sunken image of different color than the casing. Endpapaper (Endsheets) †¢Serve as structural bond between body of book and casing. They are glued down to casing to hold the book together. They are usually of heaver stock paper. oEndpapers may be a solid color, have a design, map, illustration, etc. Sometimes they convey important additional information. If the book is well designed the endpapers should be an integral part of the story. ?Color of endpapers may be symbolic to the story. †¢Endpapers should offer a transition between the exterior and the interior of the book, a â€Å"welcome† into the book. †¢Sometimes the narrative of the book actually begins on the endpapers. †¢Check to see if the front and back endpapers are exactly the same. If they are different, there is a significant reason. †¢Not included in paperback books. Front Matter †¢Front matter includes the beginning pages of the book through the title page and copyright page. Front matter may include blank or extra pages at the beginning of the book. oSets mood for story and may amplify meaning by indentifying books’ main character, setting, theme, etc. †¢Half title page (false title page)—placed before the title page and usually includes only the title and an illustration. Not found in every book. †¢Title page—includes title, author, illustrator, publisher. The illustration used on the title page should be one of the best found in the whole book. May be a detail of some picture in the body of the book. oDouble-page spread—a design that is unified across two pages oTwo distinct pages—one page has illustration; the other has text †¢Copyright page—back or verso of the title page. oContains circled â€Å"c† or word â€Å"copyright† with the year of publication and the name of the copyright owner. oAlso includes the book’s printing numbers or printing code. A first printing of a book may in the future become very valuable. ?First edition â€Å"generally means the book you are holding is the first printing of the first edition, in other words the first appearance of this particular text† (Horning 13). oIf a book was first published outside of the U. S. or a book is a translation, the original title, publisher, and date appear on the copyright page. oMay include the technique the illustrator used for the book, such as watercolor, gouache, colored pencils, oils, etc. oOften includes the name of the book’s typeface. oNormally includes the Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (abbreviated as CIP). This information helps libraries catalog books faster. Includes call numbers for books and may include a summary of the book, as well as the author, illustrator, title, and publisher. †¢Dedication page—may be included in the book. If book’s have separate authors and illustrators, there may be dedications from both individuals. Dedications may give clues to interesting personal information about the author/illustrator. Back Matter †¢Pages in the back of the book after main part of the book. Sometimes the copyright page is part of the back matter. †¢May include author/illustrator information, photographs, reviews, etc. †¢May also include source notes, glossary, index, bibliographies, acknowledgements, notes on the illustrations, other supplemental information, suggested activities to use with children, etc. Body of the Book †¢Main section of the book—what’s between the front matter and back matter. †¢Signature—pages inside the book are sewed or fastened together in one ore more sections classed signatures. A standard signature is sixteen pates. †¢Typeface/typography selected for book should fit the story. For emphasis, fonts may change (size, bold, italics). Layout of the text may also change to emphasize certain elements of the story. †¢Paper—should be of quality. May be matte, shiny, etc. Shiny paper gives a smooth, glazed surface that gives a high sheen and intensifies the colors. May also be heavier paper stock or textured. †¢Gutter—the middle area where pages come together. The illustrations that go over the gutter should not be misaligned or have missing parts because they are â€Å"caught† or lost in the gutter. †¢Placement of the text oVery formal—text placed opposite the illustrations on an adjacent page. A border or frame around the text or illustrations is even more formal. oFormal—text positioned above or beneath the illustrations. oInformal—text shaped with irregular boundaries to fit inside, outside, between, around, or to the side of the illustrations. oVery formal—no text at all (as in wordless books). †¢Placement of the illustrations oDouble-page spread—both facing pages are used for an illustration. The illustration â€Å"spreads across† both pages. Wanda Gag is credited with inventing this technique in her book Millions of Cats. oBorders—an outer edge or boundary, a frame, that encloses text and/or illustrations. Borders have decorative or geometric designs, folk designs from a particular culture, or visual symbols that relate to the story. oPanels—use of vertical sections to break apart an illustration. oVignettes—also called spot art. Small illustrations integrated into the layout of a single or double-page spread. They often allow the illustrator to tell a story through various stages. †¢Page turner element—what on a page makes you want to turn the page to continue the story? oIllustration—is there something in the picture that makes you want to turn the page? A figure facing right on the right hand page is often a page turner element. oText—is there something in the story that encourages you to turn the page? Integrated Whole †¢Visual symbolism—use of physical objects in the illustrations to represent abstract ideas. For example, a dove may symbolize love, gentleness, innocence, timidity, or peace. †¢A high quality picture book (like those which are Caldecott winners or honor books) should be well designed from the book jacket to the back matter, including the endpapers, and book casing. EECE 441 Prof. Sibley Minnesota State University Moorhead Bibliography Harms, Jeanne McLain, and Lucille J. Lettow. â€Å"Book Design Elements: Integrating the Whole. † Childhood Education 75. 1 (1998): 17-24. Education Full Text. Wilson Web. Livingston Lord Library, Moorhead, MN. 28 Aug. 2005 http://hwwilsonweb.com/. ___. â€Å"Book Design: Extending Verbal and Visual Literacy. † Journal of Youth Services in Libraries 2. 2 (1989): 136-42. Horning, Kathleen T. From Cover to Cover: Evaluating and Reviewing Children’s Books. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Matulka, Denise I. â€Å"Anatomy of a Picture Book. † 24 April 2005. Picturing Books. 28 August 2005 http://picturingbooks. imaginarylands. org/. Pitz, Henry C. Illustrating Children’s Books: History, Technique, Production. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1963. Troy, Ann. â€Å"Publishing. † CBC Features. July-Dec. 1989.  ©Carol Hanson Sibley, August 2005

Discuss on the basis of relevant case law, the legal aspects of the Essay

Discuss on the basis of relevant case law, the legal aspects of the undertaking of seaworthiness in contracts for the carriage o - Essay Example This is a condition that must be fulfilled in order to avoid losses. Compensation will only be guaranteed when seaworthiness is adhered to all the times. A ship is said to be fit if it is in a condition that the owner can allow it to take a voyage. The probable future events are also put into consideration in the determination of seaworthiness (Wilson 2010, p.9-15). Sea worthiness is determined by the type of voyage to be made, and also the class of the vessel. Kopitoff v Wilson (1876) provides the meaning of seaworthiness. This essay seeks to discuss the legal aspect of understanding of seaworthiness in contracts for the carriage of goods by sea. Application of Hague Rules as amended Charter party contract is negotiable in a free market, and it is subject to the law of supply and demand. The rules were designed to clarify on the legality of the carrier of goods (Wilson 2010, p.9-15). There are clauses that guide the parties to the contract. The law of merchant holds water in the des igning and implementation of the rules to be considered in the contract. The Hague/Visby Rules provide a provision to the parties of the contract. All the contracts of Affreightment outline the provision of a sea worthy vessel for the work. This helps in reducing accidents, and also the risks of undertaking the business. There is the obligation rule to stick when carrying out the business of carrying goods via sea. The sea worthiness includes presence of competent crew and sufficient fuel for the voyage (Wilson 2010, p.9-15). The contracting parties are required to operate a fair business involving principle of indemnity. There should be disclosure of the contents of goods to be carried. This reduces the chances of carrying dangerous goods. In the case of Northern Shipping Co v Deutsche Seereederei GmbH & Ors, the vessel was carrying highly inflammable cargo. The cargo had not been declared appropriately. The law provides for the owner of the ship to avail a sea worth vessel. Any br each of contract will result to the nullification of the contract. The vessel availed for the transaction should be fit. Contracting States The Madeline [1967] stated about the non cancellation of charter agreement before the termination of the voyage. The Affreightment contract governed by Hague or Visby Rules, will have to abide with the principle of due diligence. This will facilitate the providence of sea worthy vessel. Any negligence caused by the contracting parties will result to liability (Wilson 2010, p.9-15). The liability can be reduced only by providing a sea worthy ship. Corporate social responsibility is one highly researched on in the recent years. The topic is a current loom in business arenas as scholars and managers seek to improve the way corporations do business. In its simplicity, corporate social responsibility refers to a school of thought of management where corporations are persuaded to engage in their business affairs in a responsible manner. It is a call f or organizations to participate in making their environmental constituents happier and better. This requires that corporations participate in a legal and a socially responsible manner (Wilson 2010, p.9-15). Therefore, an organization should estimate the market expectation and respond accordingly. There are twofold obligations to the ship owner when availing a sea vessel which is sea worth. The vessel must have competent crew to operate it and also necessary facilities for the operation. A vessel is

Proposal 1 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1 - Research Proposal Example The inorganic pigments are formed through mixing of two slightly colored or colorless substances in order to form a highly colored substance. For industrial functions, pigments are used to give color as well as protecting the underlying part. Grind the pigment until it forms a fine grain. With the use of three different eye glasses, put 1.104 grams in each to mix with each binder mainly egg, glue, or linseed. The three components acts the resin which acts as the vehicle in a paint apart from providing adhesion. There are various parameters used to test the quality of a good paint. The parameters include opacity, shade achievement, viscosity, and gloss among others (Neddo, 61). For this case, testing is specific to the pigment. Therefore, the most important parameters include gloss, opacity, and strength of the color. The factors to be observed in the experiment include the time taken for the paint to dry, adhesion, bleeding, texture, and the number of strokes needed for solid consistency. The results revealed that metallic and glass surfaces require paints with high adhesion to produce successful results. Glue had the best properties of a binder (Neddo, 61). The percent yield was 51%. The experiment revealed compatibility of the pigment in different

ARGUMENTATIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMENTATIVE - Essay Example Recently a man took out a billboard saying his ex-girlfriend was a murderer for aborting his child. The man had no legal recourse to make his ex-girlfriend to carry his child to term. Fathers have no say in whether a child can be born or aborted. If a woman decides to have a child, the man is stuck paying child support. This is considered to be his responsibility for creating a child. Men that do not want a child cannot request for their mate to have an abortion. They are stuck with the child. It is considered that the man played he should pay. Women are not held to the same standard. If a woman plays, she can abort the child and not pay. This does not seem fair. Another aspect of this issue is because a woman can decide what to do with her body she can drink, take drugs, or have an unhealthy lifestyle. If a baby is born on crack, has birth a defect due to drugs or alcohol, or other problems, the man still has to pay. A man with a good job, health insurance, or money will have to fund the child for life. The woman’s decision will dictate the man’s finances and time without his input. The baby will also either go directly into the man’s custody or state custody. The man will have no choice in the matter. Birth defects can also be another issue. If a woman wants to abort a Down syndrome baby, a baby with heart problems, or other defects the man has no choice. However, if the woman decides to have the baby, the man once again has to pay. A woman choses whether or not to bring an afflicted baby into the world. One way to rectify this injustice is to allow men to have an input on abortions. This solution is not viable. The Supreme Court ruling in ‘Roe vs. Wade’ made clear that a woman’s body is her own. A man cannot force a woman to carry his child. This is not medieval times. A man having input into an abortion is not legal under the law. It probably would not become legal. This solution would not work. Another solution would be to

Critically evaluate the relationship between human resource management Essay

Critically evaluate the relationship between human resource management at organisational level, and the organisatoin's economic prosperity - Essay Example To become a multinational company the management has to expand its units across the country. As company and its other units are slowly expanding so does the problems are increasing day by day. If HR division is not up to its task then it may be possible that XYZ Inc. may consistent drop in its financial structure that result in heavy losses in the business. The important factors were found to be the hiccups facing by the staff in delivering the goods on time, baggage handling and in customer care. On the manufacturing side XYZ Inc. was unable to meet the supply demand. They have been successful in manufacturing and supplying of small privately owned airplanes. Since the public interest shifted towards the branded name and the feel of first class look the company has to meet the requirements. But XYZ Inc. was slow in its production rate. To meet the market demand on the manufacturing side and to improve customer care service the management introduced some strategies. One of the important factors that should be concentrated is on customer care service. The staff should be trained and should be at best when dealing with customers. The quality of the service should be of high degree. With the help of modern technology the staff could be easily trained. Since customer service involves in making and receiving calls, they should be trained on VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), which is economical. On the manufacturing side the company has to speedup its operations because if it won’t meet the market demand it would loose potential ground. The best way is to lease some airplanes for sometime so that business continues and after completion of manufacturing they can introduce the planes in the market. Since costs are soaring high remedial steps should be taken immediately. Whether we agree or not the daily rise in prices is due to increase in oil per barrel in the gulf. Alternate steps should be taken to cope this

Management information system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management information system - Research Paper Example The unparalleled progresses in calculation and communication technologies have made such requirements adaptable into attainable objectives. Thus, a large portion of the world population has its stake in information systems. Invariably, such systems are computer based. Today, more than ever before in the history of human kind, we have an unquenchable thirst for information. The society has changed significantly from the Barbarian to the Agrarian Society, from Agrarian to the Industrial society and from the industrial society to a society dominated by the service sector. People have witnessed the industrial revolution, the advent of automobile and introduction of telephones. Today, people are all living in an information society. It goes without saying that we describe the present times as the information era or the IT age. Underneath this is a tacit acceptance of the fact that not since the advent of the automobile and the introduction of the telephone has an invention, had such wide spread impact on our lives and society as the computer, which has ushered in the information era. ... Notably, organizational management systems that pertain functioning, planning, and running of an organization are very significant. In reference to Lucey (2004), management information system implies chiefly â€Å"organizational information systems which are generally large, sophisticated, structured, and dynamically evolving and of immense commercial value†. In addition, Lucey (2004) notes that computer data structures required to aid administration of a business structure the primary subject of this transcript. Description of the information system and its functions Management information system is a familiar term to most of the managers working in both public and private organizations. These systems are used widely by administrators at central, functioning and superior degrees in an organization. Organizations employ a high number of system analysts and programmers and systems analysts to build numerous management information systems (Lucey, 2004). Obviously, in the educati on of system analysts and programmers in addition to general executives, the subject management information system occupies a key position. A TECOM investments organization in Dubai is no exception. TECOM investment organization develops and manages business parks under Dubai Holdings. TECOM investment holding is a conglomeration of more than four thousand companies. This organization uses information systems in its management and provides information system services to its clients through the Dubai internet city business park. TECOM investment has installed management information systems in different departments which have different goals and objectives. Though Management Information system was envisioned as a single

Managing Front Office Operations in the front office of a hotel Essay

Managing Front Office Operations in the front office of a hotel - Essay Example The reception docket performs different functions that include: sale of rooms, room assignments, guest registration, handling of guest requests, cashiering along with handling mail, maintenance of the guest accounts, and provision of information. Additionally, this docket handles financial tasks which include: receiving cash payments, verifying cheques, handling guest folios and handling credit cards and foreign currency. This works will detail the practice and procedures that a front office uses in a hotel The front office functions primarily in the facilitation of the activities between the visitors and other Hotel departments. It additionally support and assist in the provision of services to the guests. The nature and type of Front office operation is greatly determined by number of transactions and interactions between the hotel and the guest during the visitors stay. The procedures involved during this process are simply outlined as: pre-arrival, arrival, occupancy, and departure. The different practices and procedures between the hotel and the guest depend on the stage of the visitor stay. The transactions are better understood by taking a look at the visitor’s cycle presented as: reservations, check-in and registration, mail and information, uniformed service and baggage handling, telephone calls and messages, handling guest accounts, and check-out and bill settlement. All the transactions and services handled by the front office docket can be categorized into two groups basing on the area where they are performed. These groups include those accomplished by the reception as front-of-the –house and the other performed as back-of –the –house operation. Front-of-the-house practice and procedures are termed so because they take place in the presence of the visitors. These operations may either reflect a direct interaction with

Agreed-Upon Values that Are Lived by the Team in Twelve Angry Men Essay - 1

Agreed-Upon Values that Are Lived by the Team in Twelve Angry Men - Essay Example The team unanimously believes in this value and for that reason, it does share one aspect of a high performing team. It is expected that the team would perform well because all members agree that if the boy has committed the murder of his father, then he should be punished. However, the jury in order to punish the offender has to reach a unanimous decision. The vote of all the jurors should be either in favor or in disfavor of the death sentence. As a team, they need to reach one decision. Yes. The team does have a clear and attainable goal. The goal is to reach a vote where the tally is 9-0 and for this, they fight the entire story. For well-performing teams to function efficiently, they need to have the same vision and goal. While the vision of the team is the same and that is to reach the right decision. However, the team it seems is prejudiced from the beginning. Were it not for the case of reasonable doubt raised by Juror 8, the whole team would have reached the wrong decision. Hence the conflict raised by Juror 8 allowed the team to perform their duty with more responsibility and care. Otherwise, they would have reached the conclusion of awarding the boy a death sentence based on his background. The team does not have the skills and willingness to deal with the situation. They were ordinary members of the society and they have probably never given jury duty before. Most of them are also not willing to deal with the conflict. They want to reach the verdict as soon as possible because they want to resume their own normal life after the verdict. Because of the conflict created by Juror 8, the team members are quite willing to speak their mind. They openly criticize each other and at one point they even resort to personal criticism. They openly discussed the case and even play-acted the situation. However, this is unusual as the team had been formed for a short period of time.

Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Essay Nintendo was founded on September 23, 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi in Japan which started out by selling game cards. In 1974, Nintendo ventured into the video gaming industry and since then have been committed to creating innovative video games console and games like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game boy, Nintendo 64, Game boy pocket, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo Game Cube, Nintendo DS, Nintendo DS lite, Wii, Nintendo DSi, Nintendo DSi XL, Nintendo 3DS, Super Mario Brothers game Series and Zelda Game Series. (Thompson, Strickland Gamble, 2010) Thompson, J. A., Strickland, I. A., Gamble, J. E. (2010). Crafting and Executing Strategy. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill Irwin. In 2006, Nintendo released the Nintendo Wii with the strategy of â€Å"fun for everyone† which captured majority of the video game market share. As of 2013, Nintendo is the longest running gaming company in the industry which operates in more than 35 countries such as Korea, USA, France and South Africa (Nintendo webbie). Nintendo is also the world’s largest video game company generating more than 6 billion USD in revenue, with more than 5,000 employees worldwide (financial statement 2013). The United States is the largest market for Nintendo which consist of more than one third of the sale in 2013. http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2013/130424e.pdf Nintendo’s mission is to continue to produce and market the best products of the highest quality and to treat every customer with respect, attention and consideration (http://www.nintendo.com/corp/mission.jsp). Nintendo will continue to pursue their basic strategy of expanding the gaming population by offering products that anyone regardless of age, gender or gaming experience can enjoy. (financial statement 2013). Porter Five forces Threat of new entry – Low. The entertainment market is currently in an oligopoly with competitors such as Sony (playstation 3), Microsoft (Xbox and Kinect) and the latest competitor Apple (Ipads). Any new company who wants to be in the gaming console industry will face high barriers of entry and face these 3 companies which have huge amount of resources and technology. Unless a company has huge amount of resource and experience to produce in a large scale to compete against Nintendo or their competitors, they will not experience economics of scale thus lowering their profit as compared to the rest. Threat of substitutes – Medium. Nintendo’s main source of revenue comes from their portable gaming device, the DS, the home entertainment system, the Wii and their games. Substitutes such as the Ipad or PS vista post a high threat against the Nintendo DS for the portable gaming devices and Xbox Kinect also posts a high level of substitution against Wii for the home entertainment system. Gaming applications in the past few years have been on the rise, showing a strong competition against games from Nintendo. People can download games from their Ipads and use it as a substitute against Nintendo’s products. Prices of competitors are also priced at a competitive rate as Nintendo. Technology of smartphones and social media such as facebook are also getting better where consumers can play games on their phones and on the internet. Power of Buyers Medium. The switching cost from Nintendo to its competitors are not high to the extend where one is unable to afford. Due t o technology advancements, Ipad users could download applications to play games from Nintendo. There are no concentrated buyers which make up a huge share of Nintendo’s revenue Power of suppliers – low. Electronic components are generally inexpensive unless being customized. With globalization, Nintendo could easier find suppliers which have a lower producing cost with the same quality. Nintendo suppliers would try to use all means and ways to keep Nintendo as their customers as Nintendo produces their consoles in a global scale. Competitive rivalry – Medium. Although Nintendo been introducing unique and cutting edge technology to have a competitive advantage over competitors such as the Nintendo 3DS where consumers are able to play 3D games without wearing 3D glasses, competitors such as Sony and Microsoft have been steadily improving on their technology to increase their competitiveness in the gaming industry. Nintendo is constantly trying to differentiate the ir products in the gaming industry however technology advancement have been trying to integrate the gaming industry where consumers can play the games using just one console such as computers or tablets. Value Rarity – Nintendo 3DS Inimitability Non-substitutability –

Othello and Guess Whos Coming to Dinner Comparative Essay Example for Free

Othello and Guess Whos Coming to Dinner Comparative Essay The transformation between Othello, a 16th century Shakespearean tragedy and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, a 1960’s Romantic Comedy, can be compared by addressing themes that are present in each text. The theme of race can be used to compare the different attitudes of each context, surrounding the significant black characters of Othello in Othello and John in Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, and there interaction with white females that belong to an upper middle class. The theme of interracial marriages can be used to compare the different values and attitudes of each context, towards a black white marriage. This applies to both Othello Desdemona and John Joanna. By exploring the different contexts, ideas and techniques incorporated into each text, we can apprehend the different messages that each composer has attempted to convey to their audience. Othello – Power of Love Othello is a Shakespearean tragedy, set in Elizabethan Times that present the relationship between, Othello, a ‘moor’ who’s an official in the Venetian army and Desdemona, the daughter of a noble Venetian Senator, Brabantio, and how despite their different experiences in love, a strong relationship can occur, without any initial external input. Desdemona’s assertive behaviour towards romantically pursing Othello, demonstrates her confidence and power, which she maintains throughout the play. Most significantly, the fact that Othello did not ask for Brabantio’s permission to marry Desdemona, demonstrates how Othello did not consider the traditional values of Elizabeth society. However as they play develops, Iago’s manipulation of Othello’s insecurities, leads to the relationship between Othello and Desdemona falling apart. This reflects Elizabethan society and its values towards love and marriage. In Elizabethan times, a marriage between a man and a woman was considered extremely important. Women were generally considered to be in the possession of their father, this was because men were considered powerful and important people. It was in the father’s power to determine whom their daughter married, provided that his family were respectable and had money. A marriage between a ‘moor’ and a white would not have been socially acceptable in Elizabethan times, seeing that the Moorish skin colour portrayed a sense of filth and evil. Whites being superior and educated, while others were considered inferior. This theme can be explored through the objectification of Desdemona in scene 1 Act 3 Lines 182-187 â€Å"How to respect you. You are lord of all my duty: I am hitherto your daughter. But here’s my husband: And so much duty as many mother showed To you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess Due to the moor, my lord.† We see that Desdemona, is detaching herself from her father, just as her mother did to her father. This demonstrates her power and her ability to make decisions despite her father’s approval.

Roles and Responsibilities of the Newly Qualified Nurse

Roles and Responsibilities of the Newly Qualified Nurse The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss important aspects of the roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. It will discuss an overview of different type of roles and responsibilities including transition. The roles and responsibilities of a qualified nurse include essential professional skills such as leading in care management and care delivery situations as well as maintaining standards of care. The focus of the essay will be on two chosen roles of newly qualified nurses (delegation and patient group direction). It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. It will also discuss the rational of chosen roles A new qualified nurse expected to be competent to work in all environments and situations. This emerging health care system requires a registered Nurse workforce at all levels post initial registration capable of critical reflective thinking in order to create this system. With registration comes a shift in professional accountability together with wider clinical management and teaching responsibilities. On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must know the answer whether it is a query from a patient, a career, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. The NMC requires a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management and show personal and professional development in order to join the register NMC (2010). It is recognized that nurses should be provided with some form of preceptorship and supervision in their role for a period of four months time NMC (2006)) once qualified. Even in this period of preceptorship, there are new expectations and challenges faced by the newly qualified nurse. Mooney (2007) found that newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should know everything. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their career. However, it is important to recognise that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their career especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurses new area of work and a good deal of the development needs to take place on the job. The study by Jackson. K (2005) suggested that a successful transition requires the nurse to develop a self-image relevant to the change in status to be able to do the job and that they meet the expectations with others with appropriate support. Mooney (2007) also points out that the duties faced by most newly qualified nurses were not patient contact centred. There were a lot of duties related to contacting and dealing with other professionals and services. These brought anxieties related to the responsibilities that might be faced as the nurses would become increasingly senior in their roles with others expecting them to provide the actions and the answers in complex situations. This highlights how the experience of nursing of transition from student to newly qualified nurse can be daunting. In the current environment there is an expectation that nurses have a preceptor one qualifying for aid in these transitions but the literature still suggests there is a difficulty in the transit ion process for such professionals. Hole. J, (2009) found that individual accountability, delegating duties without appearing bossy and some challenging clinical situations such as death and dying and specialised technological roles were found to be stressful by qualifying nurses. Issues of the preceptorship of newly qualified nurses become apparent and important in dealing with the transition from supervised student to autonomous practitioner. The approach taken throughout the rest of this essay will be to provide a discussion of the main theories, concepts, and issues related to the roles and responsibilities of delegation and PGD for newly qualified nurses. It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. The rational of choosing these two roles are because: Firstly delegation is a huge newly qualified nurses concern. According Hole. J, (2005) newly qualified nurses are not capable to delegate tasks to someone else and they end up overloading themselves. This is because an accountability issue or not knowing the staffs well as they is new to the ward. Secondly, it is a legal requirement that newly qualified nurses need to have knowledge of PGDs in order to work within legal and ethical frameworks that underpin safe and effective medicines management NMC (2010). For this reason, I personally was interested and picked them to discuss in order to develop my understanding and prepare me to successfully make the transition from student nurse to a registered professional. Delegation is the process by which responsibility and authority for performing a task is transferred to another individual who accepts that authority and responsibility. Although the delegator remains accountable for the task, the delegate is also accountable to the delegator for the responsibilities assumed. Delegation can help others to develop or enhance their skills, promotes teamwork and improves productivity Sollivan.E.J et al (2009). Therefore, delegation is the area where newly qualified staff experience huge difficulties. Often they do not feel confident enough to ask someone else to do something for them. Consequently, they try to do all of the work themselves and end up leaving late or providing less than adequate standards of care. Other members of staff will not mind if they delegate tasks to them, as long as they apply the basic rules such as ensuring that it is something they are competent to do. When delegating, the delegator remain responsible for that care if he/she do not delegate appropriately as stated by NMC (2008). It is also important that the delegator explained clearly what it is he/she want them to do and why because he/she might genuinely busy or is it just something that he/she does not want to do. Hole.J, (2005) explained that As long as he/she asks the other member of staff in a courteous manner and stick to the rules, there will be few problems. However, there may always be someone who has the potential to react in a negative way to his/her request. These people are often known for this type of behaviour and it should be dealt with swiftly by their manager. This type of reaction experience should be discussed with the member of staff or if he/she not feels confident enough to do this, he/she should talk to the manager. As mention above this will be a difficult skill for a newly qualified nurse especially at first. They will need to get to know the other staff before they will feel truly comfortable delegating to others in the team. They may feel guilty about asking others to do tasks which they feel that they should be doing themselves. What they need to realise is that they cannot possibly do everything themselves and that they will need to work as a team in order to deliver good patient care. The new qualified nurses may well feel that they cannot ask others especially HCAs who have worked on the ward for years to do things for them. The nurse will probably feel self-conscious and embarrassed. The answer is that it is not what the nurse asks them to do that are important. It is how he/she asks them. Good communication is the key to successful delegation. The nurse should take a few minutes to discuss with the HCA/student with whom he/she is working who will be doing what during that shift. Share the workload and be realistic. Therefore the newly qualified nurses must not overload themselves with care they do not really think they can give. The member of staff would rather know what their workload is at the beginning of the shift so that they can organise their time effectively. If the delegator has to ask them to take on extra work during the shift, they will find this difficult. So the delegator should keep communicating with them during the shift, and if he/she is held up with relatives or an acutely ill patient, he/she should tell them and explain that he/she will try to help them as soon as possible. When the new qualified nurses are delegating, it is important to ensure that this is appropriate as it is their responsibility to ensure that the member of staff to whom they delegate is competent to perform the task. This means that if they delegate a task to a member of staff who is not competent and they perform the task wrongly, they are accountable for the harm caused to the patient. Although the member of staff responsible, they remain accountable. For example, they cannot assume that the HCA/student with whom they are working is competent in the skill of measuring and recording a patients blood pressure. Just because the member of staff has worked on that ward for a period of time, this does not mean that they have been taught correctly. They must assess their competence to perform the task before they allow them to do this independently. They can then justify their delegation of that skill if necessary. Patient Group Direction (PGD) is a written instruction for the supply and/or administration of a licensed medicine (medicines) in an identified clinical situation signed by a doctor or a dentist and pharmacist. It applies to a group of patients who may not be individually identified before presenting for treatment NPC (2009), page 11. In simple terms, a PGD is the supply and/or administration of a specified medicine or medicines by named authorised health professionals for a group of patients requiring treatment for the condition described in the PGD. The health professional must be registered. Implementing PGDs may be appropriate both in circumstances where groups of patients may not have been previously identified for example, minor injuries and first contact services and in services where assessment and treatment follows a clearly predictable pattern such as immunisation, family planning and so on. Professionals using a PGD must be registered or equivalent members of their profession and act within their appropriate code of professional conduct. This differs from supplementary prescribers and independent prescribers who must also successfully complete specific prescribing training and be appropriately registered before they may prescribe. However, organisations using PGDs must designate an appropriate person within the organisation. For example, a clinical supervisor, line manager or General Practitioner to ensure that only fully competent, qualified and trained healthcare professionals use PGDs. Individual practitioners using a PGD must be named A Patient Group Direction allows specified registered healthcare professionals to supply or administer a medicine directly to a patient with an identified clinical condition without him/her necessarily seeing a prescriber. So, patients may present directly to health care professionals using PGDs in their services without seeing a doctor. Alternatively, the patient may have been referred by a doctor to another service. Whichever way the patient presents, the healthcare professional working within the PGD is responsible for assessing that the patient fits the criteria set out in the PGD. In general, a PGD is not meant to be a long-term means of managing a patients clinical condition. This is best achieved by a health care professional prescribing for an individual patient on a one-to-one basis. Before a healthcare professional can use a PGD, he/she must be named and have signed the PGD documentation. This generally takes the form of signatures and names on a list or individual forms that are attached to the PGD itself or held by the service or organisation. Employees of NHS organisations authorising a PGD generally have indemnity attached to their status as an employee. This may also apply to non-NHS organisations. However, the organisations and employees involved should always check that this is the case. If the professional is not directly employed by the organisation, he/she still needs to be assessed as competent to use the PGD and must have his/her own relevant professional indemnity or insurance. These issues have implications for service delivery when new staff begins, or agency staff are covering services. They may not be able to work under a PGD immediately or may be excluded because of their employment status. Service managers need to be aware of these issues and plan service delivery to accommodate them. The use of PGDs is widespread throughout the NHS and since April 2003, some non-NHS organisations have been able to use them suggested by NPC (2009). Organisations must ensure that staff responsible for the development / implementation of PGDs and those authorised to work under PGDs have the experience, knowledge and skills necessary to do so. Unlike supplementary prescribers, nurse independent prescribers and healthcare professionals using PGDs do not have to become specifically qualified to do so. But they must be assessed by their organisations as fully competent, qualified and trained to operate within a PGD. A suitably competent and experienced healthcare professional who will be working under the PGD should be involved in the writing of the PGD, to ensure that the PGD meets the needs of the service. The role by RCN (2004) proposes that the registered nurse must be assessed as competent in medicines administration, Must be trained to operate within a PGDMust follow the 6 Rs of medicines administration Usually need to be qualified for at least 6 months Must assess the patient to ensure they fit the criteria as detailed in the PGD Must ensure the PGD meets the necessary legal requirements Cannot delegate the supplying/dispensing or administration stage to another registered nurse or student nurse. There is no specific national training for healthcare professionals producing PGDs The newly qualified nurses are not expected to be able to operate under a PGD until competent in medicines administration. However, they need to have knowledge of PGDs for their patient safety. For example, if patient under PGD admitted to the ward, the nurse must ensure that the medicines not stopped. The NMC (2010) code of conduct outline that newly qualified nurses to be fully understood all methods of supplying medicines. This includes Medicines Act exemptions, patient group directions (PGDs), clinical management plans and other forms of prescribing. They are expected to demonstrate knowledge and application of the principles required for safe and effective supply and administration via a patient group direction including an understanding of role and accountability. And also demonstrate how to supply and administer via a patient group direction. The newly qualified nurses may be involved with PGDs such as assisting and identifying areas where a PGD would offer more benefits than a PSD, understand the principles and processes of PGDs and be fully conversant with all the principles associated with dispensing and administering medicines they may also be working in a variety of settings where PGDs are used for example prison health care setting, nurse led service, walk in centres In my conclusion, I have learnt the roles and responsibilities of newly qualified nurses and I have developed skills and professional knowledge to work effectively with others. The NMC (2010) code of conduct helped me how the laws and policies are set up to ensure safe and effective delivery of care given to service users under a patient group direction. I am now prepared for the challenges I will face on being a newly qualified nurse by providing the knowledge and skills required to become effective and accountable practitioners. Clinical decisions will still have to be made in relation to meeting the needs of the people within my care. However, becoming a qualified nurse brings with its wider responsibilities in making and taking decisions related to the nursing team, other staff, and the work environment as a whole. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that I am equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition.

Effective Use of the First Person in First Confession Essay -- First C

Effective Use of the First Person in First Confession "I decided that, between one thing and another, I must have broken the whole ten commandments, all on account of that old woman, and so far as I could see, so long as she remained in the house I had no hope of ever doing anything else," (page 189). This quote from the text of "First Confession" by Frank O'Connor exquisitely shows which point of view O'Connor selected for his story. Frank O'Connor chose the first-person point of view to tell his tale. One can determine this by three factors: the use of the word "I", the use of grammatical voice and the use of conveying the story through the characters. These three techniques are shown vividly throughout O'Connor's novella. The use of the word "I" in O'Connor's short story is in the text continuously with an unquestionable presence. A prime example of the usage of "I" in O'Connor's tale is first seen in the second paragraph as Jackie talks about his grandmother favoring Nora, his older sister, over him: "Nora, my sister, just sucked up to the old womanÖI was too honest, that was my trouble; and when I was playing around with Bill ConnellÖand saw my grandmother steering up the path with the jug of porter I was mortified. I made excuses not to let him into the house, because I could never be sure what she would be up to when we went in," (page 188). The application of the word "I" is an obvious and well-known method of the first-person point of view, as well as using another compatible method such as grammatical voice. Grammatical voice is a conventional technique of guiding the reader through the story using a first-person point of view. This is a... ...s. The reader is also shown that Jackie's mother dislikes her mother-in-law's mannerisms. This use of conveying the story through the characters is another method that is primarily used in first-person point of view, conventionally for its simplicity and advantage of giving several details in a short amount of time. O'Connor shows first-person point of view unremittingly in the short story "First Confession." By his usage of the word "I," O'Connor announces to the reader that he is writing in first-person, by using the method of grammatical voice O'Connor shows another technique of writing in first-person and, intertwined with grammatical voice, his conveyance of the story through the characters is his last usage of writing in the first-person point of view. These three applications of writing give the reader a sure perception of O'Connor's point of view.

Sanitation and Plagues of Elizabeth?s England :: essays research papers fc

In Elizabethan times, living conditions of an everyday townsman was quite indecent. Elizabethan’s lived in houses that were extremely close to one another, which made it quite easy to disregard such a necessity to keep the streets and living surroundings clean. People threw all of the waste outside of their windows, which included, their feces, dead cats and dogs, and also kitchen waste. Eventually, when it would rain, the rain would wash all of the rancid waste into local waters. There were â€Å"regulations against people washing clothes in or near waters used for drink, or against washing the entrails of beasts after slaughter†(Rowse 156). â€Å"†¦it is evident from innumerable documents how frequently they were broken† (Rowse 156). As long as people lived in small groups, isolated from each other, there were not many incidents of widespread disease. But as civilization progressed, people began clustering into cities. As the cities grew and became crowded, they also became the nesting places of water-borne, insect-borne, and skin-to-skin infectious diseases. The Elizabethans shared communal water, handled unwashed food, stepped in excrement from casual discharge of manure, and used urine for dyes, bleaches, and ev en treatment of wounds. As A.L. Rowse mentions, â€Å"many of the citizens possessed chamber pots, usually made of tin, or close stools.† The close stools were put in the cockloft, the sleeping quarters of the Elizabethans. This would obviously reek of horrible odors and force the townsmen to dump them as soon as possible into the slimy cobblestone streets. Many rats and rodents flocked to the littered streets, finding morsels of anything that would satisfy their hunger. This is where the transportation of the plague would come to play. As the rodents feasted on the waste, the plague-infested fleas would jump to the nearest passerby. â€Å"The most devastating to England was the bubonic plague. Also known as, â€Å""The Black Death", because of the black spots it produced on the skin. A terrible killer was loose across Europe, and medieval medicine had nothing to combat it†(Rice). London was afflicted over a dozen times during the 1500’s (Miller and Orr)†. Winters were usually mild, allowing the rats and rodents, which carried fleas to stay active throughout the winter months. â€Å"Typhus fever is another disease born of bad sanitation. It is also known as, "jail fever" or "ship fever," because it was so common among men held captive in such putrid surroundings. The disease was highly contagious and usually transmitted through human feces and lice that infested the unclean bodies of the Elizabethans.

Patriotism Essay -- essays research papers

The recent terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have caused confusion on the topic of patriotism. The best way to start understanding patriotism is to simply define it. Patriotism is a person’s level of loyalty toward their country. Displays of true patriotism are prominent in times of despair, such as wars and terrorist attacks. However, many people have discrepancies on what displays of patriotism really are. Some people believe that showing patriotism can be accomplished by waving the flag and singing the national anthem. Others believe that a person must be much more involved in a cause to show patriotism. It is true that waving a flag doesn’t accomplish much. Although this action displays good intentions, it can be done with little effort or thought. Patriotism is much more than waving the flag and singing the national anthem. Admittedly, waving the flag and singing the national anthem are not wrong things to do. These actions promote unity and raise moral. However, love for the country can be focused in ways that are much more productive. "Patriotism can no longer be defined by whether you think this is the greatest country in the world" (Gesford, 1). An act of patriotism must accomplish something. Making a personal sacrifice is an example. Donating money or joining the army would certainly benefit the country more than waving a flag. Furthermore, many people have failed to realize how blind their actions are. Patrick Henry's speech t...

Health and Safety Policy of Dublin Bus Essay

This safety statement has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Sections 19 & 20 of the Safety, Health & Welfare at Work Act, 2005. This Safety Statement specifies commitment, lines of responsibility and accountability for safety together with a list of Risk Assessments within the organisation. In July 2007 new and revised â€Å"General Application Regulations 2007† were published. These Regulations were signed into Law on the 1st November 2007. Prescribed under the SHWW Act 2005, these Regulations provide details of how compliance with Health & Safety legislation is to be applied in the workplace. These Regulations have been examined and appear at regular intervals throughout the Dublin Bus Safety Statement. Company Commitment The company is committed to ensuring so far as is reasonably practicable, the Safety, Health and Welfare at work of all of its employees, as required under Section 8 of the Act, with particular regard to The provision and maintenance of a safe and healthy working environment. The provision of a safe place of work and means of access to and egress from it. The provision and maintenance of plant and equipment and of systems of work that are as safe and without risk to health as is reasonably practicable to achieve. The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision will enhance the health and safety at work if its employees and prevent improper conduct and behaviour occurring. The safety and absence of risk to health in the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances including the provision of suitable protective clothing and equipment where hazards cannot be eliminated. The arrangement for adequate facilities for welfare, including medical and occupational health services. The maintenance of the safety, health and welfare at work of its employees which is as important as the management of production, cost effectiveness, sales etc. It is company policy to provide the appropriate resources of time, personnel, expertise and finance as required under Section 12 of the Act to enable the above responsibilities to be met. Dublin Bus is committed to the highest standard of Housekeeping. The company is committed to keeping its workplaces clean and hygienic. The company is committed to high standards of lighting in all work areas. The company will ensure comfortable working temperature, Suitable clothing is provided that is adequate where necessary for work outdoors and in inclement weather/conditions Good ventilation while attempting to minimise draughts,  Mechanical ventilation where fresh air supply is insufficient Heating systems which do not give off fumes into the workplace, Noise levels controlled to reduce nuisance as well as damage to health, Heat stress reduced by controlling radiant heat by positioning heater units at correct levels and installing independent unit controls. It is illegal for staff to smoke in a depot, on a bus or in offices or any other indoor work areas. Under no circumstances should staff smoke in the workplace except in designated areas. The risk is minimised by implementing good housekeeping standards, safe working practices and use of safe materials by cleaning staff, and insistence on the use of appropriate footwear. Sharp Object/ needle Stick Injury There is a risk to all staff, particularly night cleaning staff associated with picking up miscellaneous discarded items that are too large for removal by the vacuum. Medium Staff notices highlight the importance of vigilance in regard to these hazards. Pick-up staff should use protective gloves at all times. Drivers Internal Vehicle Movement The hazards associated with the internal movement of vehicles include serious or fatal injury to persons and property damage Medium To minimise the risk all staff when driving on Dublin Bus property must not exceed posted limit, must not turn too sharply, must not drive too close to persons and must only reverse when necessary. As interface can’t be avoided, the company is committed to implement such precautions as are practical, the provision and maintenance or radios on all buses and liaison with local Guardia to improve security Manual Handling Many employees working within the Dublin Bus Depots are involved in some manual lifting and handling as part of their daily working duties. Any manual handling of loads can pose a hazard to employees Medium Dublin Bus Depots ensure that no person will be expected to lift loads that would likely to cause him/her injury. Lifting equipment is provided in all locations for all tasks that involve lifting. Dublin Bus Depots Portable Hand Tools Common injuries from use of hand tools include cuts, burns and pinches Medium It is Dublin Bus policy to purchase only portable electric tools that conform to the highest safety standard. Dublin Bus depots Cash/ Stock Security Many Dublin Bus premises have got cash and / or ticket stocks. There is always a threat of robbery in these locations Low All cash offices are designed to high security requirements. Six monthly security reviews take place in each Garage, and an annual audit by the insurance underwrite takes place. Mr James McHugh Protection against Assault and Robbery Almost all Dublin Bus routes are Autofare. This has removed robbery as the principal motivation for attack on drivers. Medium The provision and maintenance or radios on all buses and liaison with local Gardai to improve security Mr James McHugh Vehicle Breakdown There are a number of risks surrounding the operation of vehicle breakdown. Usually personnel from both traffic and maintenance are involved and I n many instances, customers are involved. Medium Engineering Staff will have to attend the scene to assess the vehicle and either make an on the spot repair or recover the vehicle to the garage for further investigations and repair. Engineering Staff Operation of Vehicles A risk of injury associated with crews taking over or while operating vehicles exists. Medium Staff must be aware of any spillage in garages/ garage yards or on the open road Engineering Staff Driver Fatigue Risk of causing accident High Drivers should get periods of high quality sleep and rest. Make sure that drivers working and driving schedules are kept within reasonable. Drivers Record your Findings Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Duties of Employers Duty to ensure the design, provision and maintenance of any place of work under the employer’s control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health. Duty to ensure the design, provision and maintenance of safe means of access and egress from any place of work under the employer’s control. Duty to ensure the provision of systems of work that are planned, organised, performed and maintained so as to be safe and without risk to health. Duty to ensure the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of employees. Duties of Employees To take reasonable care for his/her own safety, health and welfare and that of any other person who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions To  co-operate with the employer and any other person to enable the employer or other person to comply with statutory obligations. To use any suitable appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means provided intended to secure the employee’s safety, health and welfare and To report to the employer or immediate supervisor, without unreasonable delay, and safety/health defects in plant, equipment, place of work or system of work, of which he/she becomes aware. Risk & Safety Management The health and safety Manager, Mr. James McHugh, will provide proactive support for the safety, health and welfare of employees, visitors and contractors, the safety of customers and other road users and security of premises, fleet and equipment. Safety awareness among employees, customers and others affected by Dublin Bus activities shall be promoted and guidance and direction provided for management in all matters relating to safety. Staff safety training will be organised across all areas of the Company. Safety Audits, risk assessments and safety monitoring will continue to form the basis of effective risk management. Liaison with external bodies will include the Health and Safety Authority, the National Industrial Safety Organisation, the National Safety Council, IBEC, The Construction Industry Federation, the Institution of Occupation Safety and Health, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, the Road Safety Authority as well as independent, commercial occupational safety and health consultative, training and fire survey agencies. Responsibility The Chief Executive, Mr. Paddy Doherty, is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the Safety Statement by taking a direct interest in the Company’s Safety, Health and Welfare activities and affording support in terms of staffing and resources to those whose responsibility it is to carry it out. The discharge of this responsibility devolves on the Chief Engineer Dublin Bus Mr. Shane Doyle, whose deputy for the purpose of the SHWW Act 2005 is Mr. James McHugh, Health and safety Manager. He will ensure that senior managers are aware of and implement their responsibility in relation to managers reporting to them. Co-operation of Employees Dublin Bus employees are legally obliged to co-operate in the promotion of Safety, Health & Welfare in the workplace, as specified under Section 13 of the 2005 Act. Safety Representatives As required under Section 25 of the Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, Safety Representatives have been elected to represent the Safety, Health & Welfare interest of employees. Appropriate training is made available to Representatives and they are afforded facilities for the carrying out of their duties as specified in Section 25. In addition to informal everyday contact between local management/supervision and Safety Representatives, regular meetings will be held between local Management and Safety Representatives and a record of the proceedings will be maintained. Training Manager Employee Development & Equality Ms. Pat Normanly is responsible for formal staff training within the company. As our core business is primarily related to bus driver training, Mr John Flynn, Training School Manager, is responsible for the day to day running of these training programmes. To ensure the effective implementation of the Safety Statement and to ensure that employees are able to discharge their responsibilities in a safe and healthy environment, appropriate training will be given as required both from within the Company’s resources and also utilising outside expertise. All Engineering staff, whether commencing employment with Dublin Bus or transferring from another depot, will receive induction training to ensure that they fully understand the hazards, safety precautions and emergency procedures associated with working in the particular Depot. They will be given a tour of the depot in its entirety so they are familiar with the layout, fire escapes, assembly points etc. this should be conducted by the Engineering Manager and must also include a briefing on fire safety procedures and a review of any site-specific hazards. In order to ensure that each employee receives a complete and comprehensive induction, Engineering Managers should complete the prescribed form and retain a copy on the employee’s file. In compliance with the terms of the Safety, Health, Welfare at Work Act 2005 and the General Application Regulation 2007, Dublin Bus will provide mandatory training where necessary. Fire Prevention Responsibility for the Management of the Company’s Fire Prevention policies rests with Mr. Shane Doyle, Chief Engineer, Dublin Bus. His deputy is Aidan McGinty, Assistant Engineer. Engineering Managers are responsible for the implementation of fire precautions in their respective locations, as is the materials Manager in regard to the Materials Handling premises in Broadstone, Area Manager (central) in Central Control and Administration Officer, Human Resources Department in Earl Place. Drivers who discover a fire on their bus, or if a fire is brought to their attention by a customer must follow these instructions. Stop the bus immediately and switch off engine/main switch Evacuate customers from the bus to a place of safety Call control and request assistance of Fire Brigade If fire is small and safe to tackle, use fire extinguisher on boards bus If not, leave the bus and go to place of safety with customers and await assistance First Aid All Dublin Bus sites have a First Aid Room, have trained First Aiders and equipped with First Aid Provisions. All employees new to a site must familiarise themselves with local arrangements. New First Aid Regulations were introduced in November 2008. Employees who suffer injury in the course of their employment are required to present themselves for appropriate treatment. Treatment may be carried out in the place of work by the approved First Aider or by referral to hospital or other. First Aiders are required to keep appropriate records. First Aiders are also required to acquaint their Supervisors when first aid supplies require replenishing. Emergency Plan Emergency evacuation plans are part of the overall fire safety system and are outline to fire marshals and wardens in the course of the training. All locations have plans displayed outlining the procedure to be adopted in the event of an emergency. These evacuation plans, are routinely checked by the local manager. Fire Wardens are appointed and trained and the statutory evacuation of premises is carried out twice yearly. Review and update Printed copies of the Dublin Bus Safety Statement are held by Management and Safety Representatives. Copies are also available at each location for the further information and perusal of all employees and are freely available to any member of the staff, on request. The Safety Statement is also available for viewing on the Dublin Bus â€Å"Busnet† system, the Public and Work Driver on your computer and the Public Folders of your email Inbox. Additionally, the Safety Statement is available to any other person, e.g. contractors likely to be affected by Dublin Bus activities. The Dublin Bus Safety Statement, which is a â€Å"living document†, will be updated at least annually as per Section 20 of the SHWW Act 2005. Where necessary it will be revised periodically, or as directed.

Personality Theory: Albert Bandura & Carl Rogers Essay

Personality is an intriguing component in psychology vital for the perception of human beings. Understanding and defining personality has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single theory can adequately define it. If one was to ask an ordinary individual to do so, some of the most common answers might be â€Å"a person’s characteristics† or â€Å"the impression (s) one makes on others†. Personality Theorists on the other hand view personality as the essence of the person, the individual’s true inner nature (Rathus, 2004). According to Carver and Scheier (2000), â€Å"Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings† (p.5). For this assignment the assumptions of the Social-Cognitive and Humanistic theoretical paradigms of personality will be applied to evaluate the personality of the case study, M yesha. It will also discuss personality tests- methods/instruments, used to measure whether people are sad, glad or bad and how people with certain personality traits respond to life’s demand. Before one can begin to understand and assess this individual’s personality, it is important to briefly review the Social-Cognitive and Humanistic theories of personality with their respective theorists such as Albert Bandura and for the Humanistic approach, Carl Rogers. According to Passer & Smith (2007), social cognitive theory is a perspective that was developed by Albert Bandura. It â€Å"combines the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences† (p.467). It is proposed that an individual’s thoughts and actions originate in the social world and there is the capacity for self regulation and to engage in active cognitive processes (Bandu ra, 1999). The humanistic or phenomenological theories of personality view humans as innately good. Emphasis is placed on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world. Human nature includes a natural drive towards personal growth. We as humans have the ability to choose what we do regardless of environment and humans are pretty much conscious beings. We are not controlled by unconscious needs and conflicts (Engler, 2008). According to Rogers (1951) individuals possess the innate ability to know what is important to them, what is essential for a more fulfilling life. This is known as an Organismic Valuing Process. Myesha demonstrated this as she wanted to study Literatures in English, while her mother wanted her to follow in her stepfather’s footsteps and study Law instead. Rogers would have stated at this point that Myesha went against her Organismic Valuing Process and conformed to her mother’s wishes by studying Law. When significant others in an individual’s world, ( in Myesha’s case; her parents), provide positive regard that is conditional, rather than unconditional, the individual introjects the desired values, making them ones own, thus they acquire â€Å"conditions of worth† (Engler, 2008). As a result, the self concept becomes based on these standards of value, rather than on the organismic evaluation. According to Bandura (1978), while assessing an individual’s behavior, there are three interactional processes to consider; the person, the individual’s behaviour and the environmental setting. These factors all operate as interlocking determinants of each other and â€Å"it is largely through their actions that people produce the environmental conditions that affect their behavior in a reciprocal fashion† (Funder & Ozer, 2001, p.461) (see Appendix 1). This process involves a triadic reciprocal interaction rather than a dyadic conjoint or a dyadic bi directional one (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). For instance Myesha quickly realized that Law was not for her. She considered dropping out of the University as she had gotten involved with a spoken word group around this time. As a result, her stepfather threatened to stop supporting her if she dropped out and this placed a strain on family relationships. These are all factors of cause and effect, which are influencing each other. Bandura views Myesha as an agentic operator in her life. He would believe that she has the capability to intentionally make things happen by her actions and that she is not an â€Å"onlooking host of internal mechanisms orchestrated by environmental events† (Bandura, 2001, p.2). Individuals are sentient agents of experiences rather than simply undergoers of experience. The sensory motor and cerebral systems are tools people use to accomplish the tasks and goals that give meaning and direction in their lives (Harrà © & Gillet 1994). Carl Rogers also agrees to some degree with Bandura, in the belief that the environment also affects us and the people in our environment determine what our behavior will be like (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). He also believes that her experience in the spoken word group can have an impact on her personal growth and individual experiences. The belief is that Myesha’s experiences are unique, and that her perception of the world is critical to understanding and achieving a particular behavior that would be identical to her becoming a self-actualized individual (Gladding, 2004; Engler, 2008). Social cognitive theory maintains that most human behaviour is self-regulated. Through cumulative direct and vicarious experience, people develop performance standards that they use to evaluate their own behaviour. Almost constantly the person compares what he or she does in a situation with some performance standard (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Bandura (1974), these standards are prescribed by socialization agents and parents who define the conduct worthy of reward. Responses from these individuals are either negative or positive based on the valued levels. For example, if performance is achieved or exceeds the standards, an individual’s parents may react in a positive manner towards the child. This child will experience intrinsic reinforcement. On the other hand if performance falls short of a standard, the person experiences intrinsic punishment, as a result of the negative reaction exhibited by one’s parents, social agents or ones self (Hergenhan & Olson, 1999). Although Myesha seemed to be able to manage her performance in the Law programme, her decision not to attend her class presentation may be viewed as a form of intrinsic punishment. Bandura and Kupers (1964) for example, found that children, exposed to models who set high performance standards, reinforced themselves only for superior performance, whereas children, exposed to models accepting minimal performance standards, reinforced themselves for minimal performance. It would be expected then that relevant people in a child’s life, for instance parents, siblings and peers, would have a profound influence on the development of a child’s performance standards. We see that Myesha’s success as a straight ‘A’ student throughout primary school transitioned to a declining performance upon entering secondary school. Additionally, we need to consider her family relationship as a contributing factor. At this time, her brother was considered the favourite by her mother and stepfather. Additionally, performance standards must be realistic. In other words, if they are too lenient, they will be too easily met, and little, if any, self-reinforcement will result from performing in accordance with them (Bandura 1974). If they are too stringent, one will experience frustration or worse. In Myesha’s case, her stepfather threatened to withdraw financial support if she dropped out of the Law programme and this further caused their relationship to become strained. Her brother’s attitude was negative and her mother became depressed. Bandura (1986) says, â€Å"In its more extreme forms, harsh standards for self-evaluation give rise to depressive reactions, chronic discouragement, feelings of worthlessness, and lack of purposefulness†. According to Hergenhan and Olson (1999), Bandura observed among the mechanisms of personal agency, none is more central or pervasive than people’s beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over events that a ffect their lives. Self-efficacy refers to what a person is actually capable of doing, that is, belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (Bandura, 1994). This is known as perceived self efficacy (Bandura, in press, p. 2). According to Pajares (1996), these beliefs of personal competence effect behaviour in several ways as they influence the choices individuals make and the courses of action they pursue (544). Individuals engage in tasks in which they feel competent and confident and avoid those in which they do not. This was exhibited by Myesha with her spoken word group becoming very popular on the local scene. At this point, according to Bandura, Myesha has a high self esteem and a high self efficacy, as she enjoys performing with her group (Pervin et al., 2005). In contrast, she considers dropping out of the Law programme, as it is something that she does not enjoy, but is still capable of doing. She knew the material for her presentation, but Myesha still skipped it. In doing so, she exhibited a high self esteem, because she knew the work and yet at the same time, she possessed a low sense of self efficacy, as she was unable to achieve a high grade on the presentation as she found it difficult to think about it. Rogers (as cited in Barone, Hersen, Vincent & Hasselt, 2004) stated, an organism functions to maintain consistency among self perceptions and congruence between perceptions of the self and experiences. According to Lecky (as cited in Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987), self conceptions are important for survival because they enable individuals to predict and control the nature of social reality. Thus â€Å"individuals are therefore motivated to preserve their self views which they do by thinking and behaving in ways that perpetuate their conceptions of self† which was demonstrated by Myesha when she skipped the presentation (Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987 ,p.881). Rogers states however that if Myesha continues to participate in the spoken word group she is more likely to achieve her â€Å"ideal self† in agreement with the result shown from Bandura’s High self efficacy (Friedman & Schustack, 2008). The humanistic or phenomenological, theories of personality suggest that she should have a positive and optimistic view of her behaviour and she should take life into her own hands and stop doing law which is making her unhappy. She should continue being involved with her spoken word group which she is successful at. Then being able to finance herself in the degree she wants to do as she is old enough to do so (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Pervin et al. (2005), â€Å"Bandura believes that social and economic conditions influence individual’s beliefs about their ability to influence events† (p.419). In the case study Myesha’s emotional ties to her family along with her step father threatening to withdraw his financial support led her to continue with the Law programme. In contrast Rogers (as cited in Kahn & Rachman, 2000), views Myesha’s decision to continue with the Law programme as a need for positive regard, which is acceptance, peace and financial support from her family. Myesha’s decision is also an indication that the conditions of worth still exists. However based on Roger’s conditional positive regard, she is bending herself out of shape to please her family (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). Experiences in accordance with these conditions are perceived and symbolized accurately in awareness, while those that are not are denied and distorted into awareness, which may lead to incongruence between the self as perceived and the actual experience of the individual, also resulting in possible tension, confusion and maladaptive behaviour (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). These said experiences can be perceived as threatening by an organism without conscious awareness, utilizing a process known as subception, which is a form of discrimination without awareness that can result in anxiety. This was displayed when Myesha thrashed in bed, sweating and her heart pounding the night before she was to do the presentation (Barone et al., 2004). Carl Roger proposed that Myesha is living in the here and now as she is involved with the spoken word group which she enjoys. This is what he calls existential living, which is on the basis that the present is the only reality that one has. Social cognitive theory disagrees with this notion in that â€Å"a primary determinant in an individual’s actions and emotions is in ones expectations about the future† (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 425). Organisms possess expectancies regarding topics such as behaviour of others, the rewards or punishments that may follow a certain type of behaviour, or an indvidual’s ability to handle stress and challenges. It is this system of thoughts about the future that constitutes the person’s expectations. In the case of Myesha, she felt an immediate sense of relief when she played truant and did not take part in the presentation, she also felt guilty and worried over the consequences of her failure (Pervin et al., 2005). Recommended Instruments to assess Myesha’s personality When one speaks of personality assignment in psychology, activities include the diagnosis of mental illness, prediction of behaviour, measurement of unconscious processes and quantification of interpersonal styles and tendencies. Although all of these descriptions may be true for different clinicians working with various client groups, this listing may not accurately capture the full range of modern personality assessment. Personality assessment therefore is a complex clinical enterprise where the tools of assessment are used in concert with data from referring providers, such as, clients, families, schools, courts and other influential sources (). In order to assess Myesha’s personality, we should briefly look at her perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as a person’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes (Betz, Klein & Taylor, 1996). They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. We see that Myesha’s struggle to choose a career, has affect on her self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that we measure her personality using the ‘Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale’ (CDSE). The CDMSE is a well-developed construct. Hackett and Betz (1981), were the first to apply Bandura’s (1977) propositions about self-efficacy to career behaviour in a seminal study of women’s career development. They demonstrated that career decisions, achievements and adjustment behaviours were subject to the influence of self-efficacy beliefs in both men and women. Taylor and Betz (1983) developed the Career Decision-making Self-efficacy (CDMSE) scale to measure these self-efficacy expectations, in terms of goal selection, occupational information, problem solving, planning, and self-appraisal. In the process, Taylor and Betz demonstrated that participants with lower levels of efficacy for decision-making were also more undecided. Another instrument that will be used to assess Myesha’s personality is the Q-Sort. The Q-Sort is a technique used by humanistic theorists such as Carl Rogers, to measure the self concept of an individual (Hergenhan and Olson, 1999). The Q-Sort assessment was developed by Stephenson (1953). This assessment was used to help individuals to differentiate between the ideal self and the concepts of the self, since human beings struggle with the concepts of who they really are as Myesha exhibited in the case study (Barone, Hersen,Vincent & Hasselt, 2004). The Q-Sort consists of a deck of 100 cards, each containing fairly specific characteristic statements within an individual’s personality such as â€Å"detail oriented† or â€Å"high self-esteem†(see Appendix 2). Since the individual chooses the cards this enables the psychologists conducting the assessment to have some control in the results of the assessment and to find the origin of Myesha’s behaviour, also defining what they want to know. The goal of this assessment is to determine where a person is at, relative to these qualities, at the beginning of treatment and then to re-assess at various intervals and at the end to determine progress (Engler, 2008). As the name indicates, Myesha will have to sort the cards in accordance to what she believes are her characteristics and place them in categories. This will enable Myesha and the tester to be able to see the differences and discrepancies between the real and ideal self as well as examine and highlight the level of self esteem. Meysha’s real self will reflect immediate circumstances, experiences and self characterization, while her ideal self should enable her to relate to the future by setting goals to which she would aspire, rather than goals that others want her to obtain. This technique is often best used on students. Myesha is a student and this assessment will indicate how empathy, conditional positive regard and genuineness have played a role in her personal growth. This will enable the psychologists to help her to come to some realization of who she is and how to work towards who she needs to be. These two instruments will allow Myesha to have an understanding of who she is and this should also enable her to successfully cope with, or eliminate, her anxiety as she strives towards her future goals. References Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, Encyclopedia of human behavior. Academic Press, 4, 77-81 Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. 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